Genesis 10 Name by Name

Parpola, Simo.  “SAA 1 30, 31 and 32:  letters of crown prince Sennacherib on the Cimmerians.”  The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part I:  Letters from Assyria and the West, State Archives of Assyria 1.  Helsinki University Press, on Oracc.  1987.  Three undated letters from the crown prince to Sargon II reporting that the king of Urartu had been routed on an expedition against the Cimmerians.  Historians place them about 715-714 BC because they precede Sargon's eighth campaign;  they are the earliest mention of the Cimmerians anywhere, and one writes the land as Gamir.

1. 1a.

   Section SAA 1 31, line obverse 8:  “The troops of the Urarṭian king have been utterly defeated on his expedition against the Cimmerians;  eleven of his governors have been eliminated [with] their troops”. ↩ ↩

2. 1b.

   Section SAA 1 31, line obverse 9:  “ma-a LUGAL KUR.URI-a.a a-na KUR.ga-mir”.  The transliteration;  "the king of Urartu to the land Gamir". ↩

Leichty, Erle.  “Esarhaddon 001 (Nineveh A prism).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC), RINAP 4.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2011.  The edition of Esarhaddon's main prism, whose copies are dated to the eponymy of Atar-ili, 673 BC.  Column iii reports the defeat of Teušpâ the Cimmerian and of Išpakāia the Scythian with the Manneans, the first royal-inscription attestations of the peoples Genesis 10 calls Gomer and Ashkenaz.

1. 2a.

   Column iii, lines 59-61:  “I scattered the Mannean people, undisciplined Gutians, and its army;  I put to the sword Išpakāia, a Scythian, an ally who could not save himself.”  The transliteration writes the Scythian as URU.as-gu-za-a-a;  the Nineveh B prism has KUR.áš-gu-za-a-a. ↩ ↩ ↩

2. 2b.

   Column iii, lines 43-46:  “Moreover, I struck with the sword Teušpâ, a Cimmerian, a barbarian whose home is remote, together with his entire army, in the territory of the land Ḫubušnu.”  The transliteration reads LÚ.gi-mir-ra-a-a, "a Cimmerian".  The copies are dated to the eponymy of Atar-ili, 673 BC. ↩ ↩

Grayson, A. Kirk.  “Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114-859 BC).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 2.  University of Toronto Press.  1991.  The standard edition of the Assyrian royal inscriptions from Tiglath-pileser I to Ashurnasirpal II.  Supplies the earliest Assyrian attestations of the Mušku (Meshech) in Tiglath-pileser I's accession year, about 1114 BC, and of Sidon, Arvad, Sumur and Amurru about 1100 BC.

1. 3a.

   Page 37:  “I marched to Mount Lebanon ... I continued to the land Amurru (and) conquered the entire land Amurru.  I received tribute from the lands Byblos, Sidon, (and) Arvad.  I rode in boats of the people of Arvad (and) travelled successfully a distance of three double hours from the city Arvad, an island, to the city Samuru which is in the land Amurru.”  Tiglath-pileser I, text A.0.87.3, lines 16-25.  Samuru is the Sumur of the Amarna letters, the home of the Zemarites of Genesis 10:18. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩

2. 3b.

   Page 14:  “In my accession year:  20,000 Musku with their five kings, who had held for 50 years the lands Alzu and Purulumzu ... (the Musku), whom no king had ever repelled in battle, being confident of their strength they came down (and) captured the land Katmuhu.”  Tiglath-pileser I, text A.0.87.1, column i, lines 62-88. ↩ ↩ ↩

3. 3c.

   Page 23:  Tiglath-pileser I, text A.0.87.1, column v, lines 44-63, on his campaigns against the ahlamu-Aramaeans, about 1110 BC. ↩

Grayson, A. Kirk.  “Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 3.  University of Toronto Press.  1996.  The standard edition of the inscriptions of Shalmaneser III and his successors.  The Black Obelisk's annals give the earliest attestations of Tabal (Tubal) in Shalmaneser's twenty-second year, 837 BC, and of the Medes (Madai) in his twenty-fourth, 835 BC, counted from his first year, 858 BC.

1. 4a.

   Page 67:  “In my twenty-second regnal year I crossed the Euphrates for the twenty-second time (and) went down to the land Tabal.  At that time I received gifts from twenty-four kings of the land Tabal.”  Black Obelisk, text A.0.102.14, lines 104b-107a. ↩ ↩ ↩

2. 4b.

   Page 68:  “I received tribute from twenty-seven kings of the land Parsua.  Moving on from the land Parsua I went down to the lands Mēsu, Media (Amadāiia), Araziaš, (and) Harhār”.  Black Obelisk, text A.0.102.14, the twenty-fourth regnal year;  the transliteration on page 68 reads KUR a-ma-da-a-a. ↩

Kitchen, K. A.  On the Reliability of the Old Testament.  Eerdmans.  2003.  A conservative Egyptologist's survey of the Old Testament against the external evidence.  Chapter 9 section B tabulates every Genesis 10 name by the century of its earliest external attestation and builds a three-phase literary history from the counts.  Kitchen is not a young-earth writer;  his method dates the list's final form to the first millennium BC and he says so.

1. 5a.

   Page 595:  “Such people as Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria (ca. 1208), or later kings, are far too late to qualify.  The suggestion to identify him ... with the god Ninurta is philologically possible, but is contradicted by his human kingship, not deity ... This might just conceivably favor Naram-Sin (ca. 2200), if 'Nimrod' was either abbreviated from 'Naram-<Sin, King of Akka>d' ... An alternative ruler might be (E)nmer(k)ar ..., ancient Sumerian king of Uruk (ca. 2600), involved with Iran.  Naturally, this remains hypothetical in either case”. ↩ ↩ ↩

2. 5b.

   Page 592:  “Togarmah is older Tegarama and Takarma in Anatolia, in nineteenth-century Old Assyrian sources (cf. P. Garelli, Les Assyriens en Cappadoce [1963], 117-18), then fourteenth/thirteenth century Hittite sources”.  Note 18. ↩

3. 5c.

   Page 592:  “Javan is identified as the Ionians (east Greeks), possibly the Ym'N of the Ugaritic texts ... But Javan may have replaced such a term as Ahhiyawa ('Achaeans')”.  Note 16. ↩

4. 5d.

   Page 593:  “goes well with the late second-millennium Alashia of cuneiform sources and Egyptian Irs ... it appears to go back to the early second millennium (D. J. Wiseman, Faith and Thought 87 [1955]: 18)”.  Note 23. ↩

5. 5e.

   Page 340:  “Caphtor is ancient Kaptara, well attested from the early second millennium, when the Mari archives actually mention a king of Hazor sending gifts to Kaptara (Caphtor).  Egyptian Keft(i)u (originally Kaftur) is simply a local variant of Kaptara;  it is solidly attested from the sixteenth century to the thirteenth, and may be traced back to the Twelfth Dynasty (ca. 1973-1795) and before.” ↩ ↩

6. 5f.

   Pages 340-341:  “Is it not because these are in fact merely 'modernized' Caphtorians, with a different profile to the later 'historic' Philistines? ... The Mari report of sending tin to kings of Laish and Hazor (in Canaan) and to Kaptara (Crete) suggests that the traffic was not all one way.” ↩ ↩

7. 5g.

   Page 593:  “Cush A is the Kush of the Egyptian texts ... Its original scope (early second millennium) was restricted to Upper Nubia ... Cush B is the Kashshu, or Kassites ... Cush C, the 'father' of Arabian entities (10:7), is very likely simply an extension of Cush A”.  Note 26. ↩

8. 5h.

   Page 593:  “Put is attested under Osorkon II in Egypt (Pydw) on his Tanis statue ... It recurs as Pwd(y)/Pwt in a series of amuletic 'divine' decrees of the tenth century onward ... Their identity was first noted by G. Posener ... who rightly rejects the wrong suggestion of Punt ... The term stands for Libya(ns) in these contexts.”  Note 28. ↩

9. 5i.

   Page 595:  “Pathros has long been recognized as pa-to-resi, 'the Southland,' Upper Egypt ... attested (as Paturesi) in Assyrian texts”. ↩

10. 5j.

    Page 596:  “Lud is thought to be Lydia, first known from the seventh century, from Gyges of Lydia in Assyrian sources (and Herodotus)”.  Note 41. ↩

11. 5k.

    Page 438:  “So, did Lud (Lydia) similarly replace such as Luku (Lycia) and Arzawa?  And so on?  This we will almost certainly never know.” ↩

12. 5l.

    Page 438:  “It is notable that several names found under Ham recur under Shem.  This may be the way ancient writers could indicate that some regions and communities were 'stratified' linguistically, culturally, and perhaps racially— new groups had overlain old, and another language had replaced a previously used one.  Thus, in Mesopotamia, the non-Semitic Sumerians had probably replaced still older peoples in the fifth or fourth millennium (at latest), and by the early second millennium they and their language were absorbed and replaced by the Semitic-speaking Akkadians ... Elam (in west-southwest Iran) was linguistically non-Semitic throughout, but was heavily influenced by, and involved with, her Mesopotamian neighbors at all periods.” ↩

13. 5m.

    Page 594:  “most likely in western Arabia (north-central area), and may take its name from Sabaean Hawlan”.  Note 30. ↩

14. 5n.

    Page 596:  “Ophir was certainly a real gold-bearing land, as the Tell Qasile ostracon makes clear:  'Gold of Ophir — for Beth-Horon:  30 shekels' (B. Maisler/Mazar, JNES 10 [1951]:  265-67;  Renz/Röllig I, 229-31).  It was most likely in west Arabia.”  Note 39. ↩

15. 5o.

    Page 594:  “the kingdom based on Marib in Yemen in southwest Arabia, from at least the eleventh century”.  Note 33. ↩

16. 5p.

    Page 597:  “Uzal seems unlikely to be Sanaa”. ↩

17. 5q.

    Page 594:  “a kingdom based on the long, narrow oasis of Al-Ula in northwest Arabia;  two kings are known from an inscription in the sixth century B.C. ... It is not certain that Tidnum (Third Dynasty of Ur) was that far west of Mesopotamia”.  Note 32. ↩

18. 5r.

    Pages 594-595:  “it is certainly not king Shebitku of Egypt's Twenty-Fifth (Kushite) Dynasty, as it stands in an Arabian, not Nubian, context.  Far superior was H. von Wissmann's view that it derived from Shabakat, a place south of Shabwa”.  Note 36. ↩

19. 5s.

    Page 596:  “The Sinites are of Siyannu, known well from the archives of its immediate northern neighbor, Ugarit”. ↩

20. 5t.

    Page 596:  “Girgashites are known indirectly in the late second millennium in two personal names at Ugarit, Grgsh and Bn grgsh.  Any link is uncertain with the land Qarqisha”. ↩

Westermann, Claus.  Genesis 1-11:  A Commentary.  Augsburg.  Translated by John J. Scullion.  1984.  The standard critical commentary, translated from the 1974 German.  Reads the chapter as a Priestly list with Yahwistic insertions, grades every name by its attestation, and treats the "sons" as peoples rather than persons.  Its absolute dates for Sargon and Hammurabi are the old ones and are not used here;  its grading of the names is the baseline this article starts from.

1. 6a.

   Page 523:  “The list of the five Phoenician cities in Gen 10:17b, 18 is one of the most reliable documents in the chapter.  All the names can be identified with certainty.” ↩ ↩

2. 6b.

   Page 513:  “Hul and Gether are completely unknown.  There is but the faintest indication of what Mash might be — it could be Strabo's Mt. Masius”. ↩

3. 6c.

   Page 526:  “Nine of the 13 names cannot be identified (so J. Simons)”. ↩ ↩ ↩

4. 6d.

   Page 515:  “B. Jacob ... concludes:  'But there is no sign at all of a Nimrod or similar name.'  Likewise J. Skinner and others, and the situation has not changed despite more recent attempts”. ↩

5. 6e.

   Page 516:  “It is not to be assumed then that this Nimrod can be identified with some historical figure or other”. ↩

6. 6f.

   Page 518:  “Ass. Kalhu ... a foundation of Shalmaneser I (c. 1300) ... Today it is Nimrud (so called after this verse)”. ↩

7. 6g.

   Page 504:  “The name is attested in cuneiform as Gimirrai and in classical authors as [Kimmerioi].  ... Displaced by the Scythians ... they conquer the king of Urartu c. 714 and settle in the area of Lake Van.  There is evidence of wars with the Assyrians in the time of Esarhaddon, 681-668”. ↩

8. 6h.

   Page 506:  “Just as Gomer and Ashkenaz belong together in Gen 10, so too do the Gimirrai and Ashkuza (or Ishhuza), in Assyrian inscriptions (first in Esarhaddon), and the Cimmerians and the Scythians in Herodotus (has the [w] in Ashkuza been changed into [n]?).  H. Winckler was first to equate Ashkuza with the Scythians”. ↩

9. 6i.

   Page 506:  “In the Hittite texts of Boghaz-koy, Tagarama is attested as a district and a city (at the time of King Mursilis II).  It probably corresponds to the Assyrian Til-garimmu (as F. Delitzsch first suggested), a city on the border of Tabal (= Tubal)”. ↩

10. 6j.

    Page 505:  “The name is attested frequently in cuneiform, from the time of Sargon, and is used throughout the whole of the East as far as India to designate the Greeks (Sanskrit, Javana)”. ↩

11. 6k.

    Page 507:  “now however there is virtual unanimity in equating it with Alashiah of Akkadian and Hittite inscriptions and with Cyprus ... The Amarna letters 34-40 are addressed by a king of Alashiah to the Pharaoh and mention the export of copper.  Alashiah is mentioned further in the texts from Mari, Nuzi, and Ugarit”. ↩

12. 6l.

    Page 507:  “The only cuneiform attestation is an inscription of Esarhaddon:  'All kings who live in the midst of the sea, from Cyprus and Javan as far as Tarshish, submit to my feet' (R. Borger, Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, 1956, 86).  Here too a reference to Tartessos in Spain is unlikely”. ↩

13. 6m.

    Page 507:  “J. Simons, and others, object:  'A further difficulty is that the map of the world would be extended considerably by this one name.'” ↩

14. 6n.

    Page 508:  “Kittim is a Hebrew form of the Greek [Kition], a city on Cyprus (in the area of Larnaca?).  The name of the city is written as Kt or Ktj in Phoenician inscriptions”. ↩

15. 6o.

    Page 505:  “there is no corresponding name in the cuneiform texts.  Egyptian inscriptions from the time of Mer-ne-Ptah (1225-1215) mention the Tw-rw-s (Turusa) who attack Egypt at the end of the 13th century”.  Westermann's dates for Merneptah are the older ones;  his reign is now placed about 1213-1203 BC. ↩

16. 6p.

    Page 506:  “The name does not occur again in the Old Testament nor in the cuneiform texts.  So far it cannot be explained”. ↩

17. 6q.

    Page 519:  “It is practically certain that Caphtor is a designation for Crete”. ↩

18. 6r.

    Page 519:  “Ludim:  not explained ... Anamim:  not explained / Lehabim:  Lybians ... Naphtuhim:  not explained (the lower Egyptians?) / Pathrusim:  the upper Egyptians / Casluhim:  not explained / Kaphtorim:  the Cretans”. ↩

19. 6s.

    Pages 512-513:  “It is explained for the most part as Lydia in Asia Minor.  But a country in this western region does not conform with the other names in the group ... The question must remain open”. ↩

20. 6t.

    Page 511:  “All that is certain is that a stretch of land in Arabia is meant”. ↩

21. 6u.

    Page 527:  “Up to the present however there is no proof that either Havilah or Ophir are the names of places or tribes there”. ↩

22. 6v.

    Page 527:  “The name occurs in Sabaean inscriptions, in Strabo 16:4, 2, and Pliny”.  On Hazarmaveth.  “The tribal name slp occurs in Sabaean inscriptions”.  On Sheleph.  “was the pre-Islamic name for San'a”.  On Uzal, in Arabic tradition. ↩ ↩

23. 6w.

    Page 528:  “this list of South or Southwest Arabian tribes cannot have been composed specifically for the table of the nations because the 13 names cover too small an area.” ↩

Speiser, E. A.  “Genesis:  Introduction, Translation, and Notes.”  Anchor Bible 1.  Doubleday.  1964.  The Anchor Bible commentary by a Pennsylvania Assyriologist working within the documentary hypothesis.  Argues that the Table classifies by several criteria at once, so that its groupings cannot match language families, and proposes Tukulti-Ninurta I for Nimrod and the Kassites for Nimrod's Cush.  The mainstream witness for the multi-criterion reading, stated case by case.

1. 7a.

   Page 72:  “For all his prodigious deeds, Nimrod is depicted in our passage as a recognizably mortal ruler.  Hence various attempts to trace the name back to the Mesopotamian god Ninurta must be ruled out ... The biblical Nimrod is said to have combined effective authority over both Babylonia and Assyria.  The first Mesopotamian ruler to do so on a solid basis was Tukulti-Ninurta I (thirteenth century B.C.);  he was certainly the first Assyrian conqueror of Babylonia”. ↩ ↩

2. 7b.

   Page 73:  “Compound Akk. names were often reduced in speech to one of their components.  Indeed, classical sources appear to commemorate Tukulti-Ninurta I under the legendary figure of Ninus.  Post-biblical sources for their part independently link Nimrod with Ninus ... The chain of evidence would thus seem to be complete”. ↩

3. 7c.

   Page 68:  “The city was built, interestingly enough (cf. COMMENT), by Shalmaneser I, father of Tukulti-Ninurta I.” ↩ ↩

4. 7d.

   Page 67:  “no such south Babylonian city, let alone capital, is attested in cun. records;  it should be noted that the mention of Accad points up the soundness of the source, since that city, while most important at one time, had lost its pre-eminence as far back as the end of the third millennium.” ↩

5. 7e.

   Page 67:  “Accordingly, the repointing of Heb. to kullanah ... has everything in its favor”. ↩

6. 7f.

   Page 66:  “The biblical name may well refer to more than one place.” ↩

7. 7g.

   Page 69:  “If origin had been the criterion (see above), this people should have been listed among the 'maritime nations' descended from Japheth (vs. 5) ... Since the historic Philistines were settled along the coastal approaches to Egypt, the classification here given is evidently geographic.” ↩

8. 7h.

   Page 66:  “This geographic term is used in the Bible for two widely separated lands whose names happen to be similar by coincidence:  (1) Ethiopia, as here.  (2) Cossaea, the country of the Kassites, as in vs. 8, below, and ii 13”. ↩

9. 7i.

   Page 70:  “Lud ... Here the name seems to point to the Lydians of Anatolia.” ↩

10. 7j.

    Page 69:  “15. Heth.  The indicated family relationship between 'Hittites' and Phoenicians (Sidon) would be cause for surprise only if the Table of Nations, or its J section in any case, set out to offer ethnolinguistic data.  What the present passage is saying depends, of course, on the meaning of the term Heth:  does this name describe the pre-Indo-European Hattians, the 'Hittites' of ca. 1450-1200 b.c., or the Hurrians?” ↩

Wenham, Gordon J.  “Genesis 1-15.”  Word Biblical Commentary 1.  Word Books.  1987.  An evangelical commentary that gives the standard identifications with more caution than Kitchen and more sympathy for the text than Westermann.  Reads the chapter's "sons of" as political and geographical affiliation as well as descent, counts seventy by leaving out the Philistines, and states plainly which names are unknown.  The most even-handed of the reference works used here.

1. 8a.

   Page 224:  “It was founded ca. 4500 B.C.” ↩

2. 8b.

   Page 222:  “Among suggested royal figures, Sargon I of Akkad (D. J. Wiseman, NBD, 888), and Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria (Speiser) have both found protagonists ... None of these suggestions is totally convincing, and it may be best to regard Nimrod as an archetype of Mesopotamian ideals of kingship”. ↩ ↩

3. 8c.

   Page 223:  “No town with this name is known in Babylonia ..., but the proposal to revocalize Calneh as kullanah 'all of them' to avoid the problem is questionable”. ↩

4. 8d.

   Page 223:  “The term 'Shinar' is not used in Mesopotamian documents, only in biblical and western texts, e.g., Egyptian, Sangar;  Hittite, Sankar;  also El Amarna (24:4,95;  35:49), for the Cassite kingdom of Babylon.  From its usage in extrabiblical texts it can be seen to be an old term originating before 1500 B.C.” ↩

5. 8e.

   Pages 217-218:  “It is generally agreed that Ashkenaz is to be equated with the Askuza, the classical Scythians ... Why the Hebrew word for them should include an n is hard to account for:  it seems unlikely that it is simply a scribal mistake ... because it occurs in three different books”. ↩

6. 8f.

   Page 218:  “Second- and first-millennium Assyrian as well as Hittite texts mention a Tegarama ... north of Carchemish on the trade route between Assyria and Kanish.  Its name survives in modern Gurun”. ↩

7. 8g.

   Page 218:  “It has usually been identified with Tartessos in western Spain, but modern commentators doubt whether the OT horizon stretched quite that far ... More plausible is Berger's suggestion that Tarshish could be Carthage”. ↩

8. 8h.

   Page 219:  “According to the lectio difficilior potior principle, however, 'Dodanim' should be preferred.  On this basis Dodanim might be identified with the land of Danuna mentioned in the Amarna letters ... Inscriptions of Rameses III mention a people Dnn ... Sargon II's inscriptions mention the Yadanana, apparently Greek-speaking inhabitants of Cyprus”. ↩

9. 8i.

   Page 217:  “The Mushki are first mentioned ca. 1100 B.C. fighting with Tiglath-Pileser I on the upper Tigris ... In 709 B.C., however, the famous King Midas (called Mita by the Assyrians) became an Assyrian ally”. ↩

10. 8j.

    Page 217:  “They are not named in cuneiform sources.  They may be identified with the Turusa, one of the sea peoples who attacked Egypt in the late thirteenth century”. ↩

11. 8k.

    Page 216:  “it is impossible to identify Magog with any certainty or even to be sure whether a people or a land is meant.  Magog is not mentioned in any cuneiform texts.  It could be that Ezekiel's Gog is Gyges, the king of Lydia ..., called Gugu in the Assyrian texts”. ↩

12. 8l.

    Page 225:  “Or it may be that the Philistines of Genesis represent a different group from the Philistines of the post-conquest period (so Cassuto 2:207-8;  Kitchen, POTT, 56)”. ↩

13. 8m.

    Page 221:  “Though it has sometimes been suggested that this term is equivalent to Egyptian Punt ..., the equation is linguistically difficult.  The traditional identification with Libya poses few problems”. ↩

14. 8n.

    Page 225:  “Attempts to identify the Casluhim are little more than guesses.” ↩

15. 8o.

    Page 224:  “cannot be identified”.  On the Ludim of Genesis 10:13. ↩

16. 8p.

    Page 230:  “Possibly Lud is the Lydians of Asia Minor (so Josephus ...), known in Assyria as Luddu ... Another possibility is the Lubdu who lived on the upper Tigris”. ↩

17. 8q.

    Page 231:  “it would seem most probable that, like the other names here, it is to be located in southwest Arabia”.  On Ophir. ↩

18. 8r.

    Page 222:  “The kingdom of Sheba was apparently established at the beginning of the first millennium B.C. and had its capital at Marib ... It is also mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions”. ↩

19. 8s.

    Page 222:  “An inscription has assured its precise location at Al-Ula ... but Dedan is also mentioned in cuneiform texts of the early second millennium”. ↩

20. 8t.

    Pages 221-222:  “often identified with Ragmah, mentioned in Minaean and Sabaean inscriptions ... However, it is unusual for Hebrew [ayin] to appear as g in Arabic”. ↩

21. 8u.

    Page 225:  “the OT several times calls Jerusalem 'Jebus' ..., but this name is not used in extra-biblical sources”. ↩

Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament.  Princeton University Press.  3rd edition.  Edited by James B. Pritchard.  1969.  The standard anthology of ancient Near Eastern texts in English translation.  John Wilson's translation of the Medinet Habu war record of Ramesses III's eighth year, about 1177 BC, is the first attestation of the Philistines under their own name.

1. 9a.

   Page 262:  “The foreign countries made a conspiracy in their islands ... No land could stand before their arms, from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya on, being cut off at [one time] ... Their confederation was the Philistines, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denye(n), and Weshesh, lands united.”  Wilson's notes add that Alashiya is probably Cyprus and that the Denyen, cuneiform Danuna, might be the Danaoi. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩

Feldman, Michal et al.  “Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines.”  Science Advances 5(7):eaax0061.  2019.  Genome-wide data from ten people buried at Ashkelon in the Late Bronze Age, the early Iron Age and the later Iron Age.  The early Iron Age four carry a European-related ancestry, best modelled as about 43 per cent from Bronze Age Crete, that is gone within two centuries.  Small sample;  the 43 per cent has a standard error of 19.  Mirror:  PMC

1. 10a.

   Section Abstract:  “We find that the early Iron Age population was genetically distinct due to a European-related admixture.  This genetic signal is no longer detectible in the later Iron Age population.  Our results support that a migration event occurred during the Bronze to Iron Age transition in Ashkelon but did not leave a long-lasting genetic signature.” ↩

2. 10b.

   Section Results, final paragraph of the section on genetic discontinuity:  “The best supported one (χ^2 P = 0.675) infers that ASH_IA1 derives around 43% of ancestry from the Greek Bronze Age "Crete_Odigitria_BA" (43.1 ± 19.2%) and the rest from the ASH_LBA population.” ↩ ↩

Frame, Grant.  “Sargon II 001 (Khorsabad annals).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC), RINAP 2.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2021.  The edition of Sargon II's annals from his palace at Khorsabad.  Line 117 names the Ionians (restored after Winckler), and line 123 records tribute from Pharaoh, from Samsi queen of the Arabs and from Itʾamar the Sabaean in the seventh regnal year, 715 BC.

1. 11a.

   Line 117:  “In ord[er to conquer the Ionians, whose abode] is situated [in the] m[iddle of the s]ea”.  The bracketed words are the editor's restoration;  Frame's note 69 adds that the Ionians are mentioned in several of Sargon's inscriptions. ↩ ↩

2. 11b.

   Line 123:  “[I] received as tribute from Pirʾû (Pharaoh), king of Egypt, Sa[m]si, queen of the Arabs, (and) Itʾamar, the Sabaean, kings from the seashore and desert, gold — ore from the mountain(s) — precious stones, elephant ivory, seed(s) from ebony tree(s), every kind of aromatic, horses, (and) camels.”  The seventh regnal year, 715 BC;  the transliteration reads KUR.sa-ba-ʾa-a-a. ↩ ↩

Breasted, James Henry.  Ancient Records of Egypt, Volume III:  The Nineteenth Dynasty.  University of Chicago Press.  1906.  Breasted's translation of the Nineteenth Dynasty inscriptions.  Section 574 translates Merneptah's Great Karnak Inscription of his fifth year, about 1208 BC, which names the Teresh among the Sea Peoples allied with Libya.

1. 12a.

   Page 241:  “Beginning of the victory which his majesty achieved in the land of Libya, Ekwesh, Teresh (Tw-rw-š), Luka (Rw-kw), Sherden, Shekelesh, Northerners coming from all lands.”  Section 574.  Breasted adds in his notes that the Teresh may equally well be the Etruscans. ↩ ↩

Grayson, A. Kirk, and Jamie Novotny.  “Sennacherib 017.”  The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 1, RINAP 3/1.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2012.  The edition of a Nineveh prism dated to the eponymy of Ilu-ittīya, 694 BC.  Column v records the campaign of 695 BC against Tīl-garimmu on the border of Tabal, the city whose name the editors link to Hittite Tegarama and which the commentaries identify with Togarmah.

1. 13a.

   Column v, lines 1-5:  “In the eponymy of Aššur-bēlu-uṣur, governor of the land Katmuḫi (695), I ... against the city Tīl-garimmu, a city on the border of the land Tabal where Gurdî, king of the city Urdutu, had mobilized his weapons”.  The transliteration reads URU.DU₆-ga-ri-im-me ... KUR.ta-ba-li.  The editors' note 13 links the city to the Hittite name Tegarama. ↩ ↩

Moran, William L.  The Amarna Letters.  Johns Hopkins University Press.  1992.  The standard English edition of the diplomatic archive of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, about 1360-1332 BC.  Cited by letter and line.  Supplies the fourteenth-century attestations of Alashiya, Shanhar (Shinar), Canaan, Danuna, Kashi (Cush) and the Phoenician coast cities of Genesis 10:17-18.

1. 14a.

   Section EA 35, lines 10-15:  “I herewith send to you 500 (talents) of copper.  As my brother's greeting-gift I send it to you.  My brother, do not be concerned that the amount of copper is small.  Behold, the hand of Nergal is now in my country”.  A letter of the king of Alashiya to the Pharaoh;  letters 33 to 40 are from the same court. ↩ ↩

2. 14b.

   Section EA 35, lines 49-53:  “You have not been put (on the same level) with the king of Hatti or the king of Šanhar.  Whatever greeting-gift he (my brother) sends me, I for my part send back to you double.”  Moran's index reads "Sanhar, biblical Shinar, a name for Babylonia, 24 iv 95;  35:49". ↩ ↩

3. 14c.

   Section EA 8, lines 13-26:  “my merchants who were on their way with Ahu-tabu, were detained in Canaan for business matters ... in Hinnatuna of Canaan ... Canaan is your country, and [its] king[s are your servants].”  Burna-Buriaš II of Babylon to the Pharaoh. ↩

4. 14d.

   Section EA 151, lines 49-58:  “The king, my lord, wrote to me, 'Write to me what you have heard in Canaan.'  The king of Danuna died;  his brother became king after his death, and his land is at peace.”  Abi-Milku, king of Tyre, to the Pharaoh. ↩ ↩ ↩

5. 14e.

   Section EA 117, note:  “are also called men or troops of Kaši (Cush), and Meluhha is probably identified as Kaši (EA 127:36;  132:56;  133:17)”.  Moran's note on the Nubian troops in the Byblos letters. ↩

Leichty, Erle.  “Esarhaddon 060.”  The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC), RINAP 4.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2011.  The edition of a fragmentary inscription from Assur written after Esarhaddon's conquest of Memphis in 671 BC.  Its obverse names Egypt, Upper Egypt and Kush and then the kings "from Yadnana (Cyprus) (and) Ionia to Tarsus", the only cuneiform attestation of the name Tarshish, which the editor translates as Tarsus.

1. 15a.

   Section obverse, lines 8'-10':  “I conquered (Lower) Egypt, Upper Egypt, and Kush ... I wrote to all of the kings who are in the midst of the sea, from Yadnana (Cyprus) (and) Ionia to Tarsus, (and) they bowed down at my feet.”  The transliteration reads KUR.mu-ṣur KUR.pa-tú-ri-si u KUR.ku-u-si ... TA KUR.ia-da-na-na KUR.ia-man a-di KUR.tar-si-si:  Mizraim, Pathros, Cush, Javan and Tarshish of Genesis 10 in one line. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩

Kent, Roland G.  “Old Persian:  Grammar, Texts, Lexicon.”  American Oriental Series 33.  American Oriental Society.  1950.  Section DNa, line 30:  The standard edition of the Old Persian royal inscriptions.  In Darius's tomb inscription at Naqsh-i Rustam the land list includes Putāyā, the Libyans, the Old Persian form of the name Genesis 10:6 gives as Put, and in the Behistun inscription Yauna, the Ionians. ↩ ↩

Tadmor, Hayim, and Shigeo Yamada.  “Tiglath-pileser III 42.”  The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), RINAP 1.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2011.  The edition of a summary inscription of Tiglath-pileser III.  Its reverse lists the Arabian peoples who submitted after the defeat of queen Samsi in 733 BC, among them the tribe Saba, the earliest cuneiform attestation of Sheba.

1. 17a.

   Line 27':  “The people of the cities Masʾa (and) Tema, the (tribe) Saba ... who are on the border of the western lands”.  The transliteration reads LÚ.sa-ba-ʾa-a-a. ↩ ↩

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.  Cambridge University Press.  Edited by Roger D. Woodard.  2004.  The standard reference on the languages of the ancient world, one chapter per language by a specialist in it, each giving the language's family and the reasons for the placement.  The chapters cited are named on each claim.

1. 18a.

   Page 19:  “The oldest Sumerian texts — perhaps even the oldest written texts known to us — are the approximately five thousand clay tablets found discarded in debris in the ceremonial center of the city of Uruk ... These tablets, which are dated around 3200 BC”.  Michalowski, "Sumerian". ↩

Frame, Grant.  “Sargon II 007 (Great Display Inscription).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC), RINAP 2.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2021.  The edition of the long display text from Khorsabad, written after 707 BC.  Its opening survey of the empire names Cyprus, Egypt, Mushku, Amurru, Hatti and the distant Medes in one sentence, and line 33 names Hamath in the revolt of 720 BC.

1. 19a.

   Lines 16-17:  “I ruled all together from the land Yadnana (Cyprus), which is in the middle of the Western Sea, as far as the border(s) of Egypt and the land Musku, the wide land Amurru, the land Ḫatti (Syria) in its entirety, all of (the land) Gutium, the distant Medes”.  The transliteration reads KUR.ia-ad-na-na ... KUR.mu-ṣu-ri u KUR.mu-uš-ki KUR MAR.TU.KI DAGAL-tum KUR.ḫat-ti ... KUR.ma-da-a-a:  Mizraim, Meshech, the Amorites, Heth and Madai of Genesis 10. ↩ ↩

2. 19b.

   Line 33:  “Iaū-biʾdī (Ilu-biʾdī) of the land Hamath ... incited the cities Arpad, Ṣimirra, Damascus, (and) Samaria to rebel against me”.  The revolt of 720 BC;  the transliteration reads KUR.a-ma-ta-a-a. ↩

3. 19c.

   Line 152:  “Mitâ of the land Musku”.  The transliteration reads ᵐmi-ta-a KUR.mu-us-ka-a-a;  the Midas of Greek tradition. ↩

Tadmor, Hayim, and Shigeo Yamada.  “Tiglath-pileser III 14 (Calah annals).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), RINAP 1.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2011.  The edition of the annals from Tiglath-pileser III's palace at Calah.  Line 6 lists the coastal cities resettled with deportees after the campaign of 738 BC, three of them the Zemarites, Arkites and Sinites of Genesis 10:17-18.

1. 20a.

   Line 6:  “[in the cities ..., Ṣi]mirra, Arqâ, Usnû, (and) Siʾannu, (cities) on the seacoast”.  The transliteration reads URU.ṣi]-mir-ra URU.ar-qa-a URU.us-nu-ú URU.si-an-nu. ↩ ↩ ↩

Novotny, Jamie, and Joshua Jeffers.  “Ashurbanipal 011 (Prism A).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Assur-etel-ilani (630-627 BC), and Sin-sarra-iskun (626-612 BC), Part 1, RINAP 5/1.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2018.  The critical edition and translation of Ashurbanipal's Prism A, whose copies are dated 644 to 642 BC.  Column ii reports the submission of Gyges of Lydia and the Cimmerian wars, and carries the king's own statement that no earlier Assyrian king had heard of Lydia, which fixes the earliest Mesopotamian attestation of the name Genesis 10:22 gives as Lud.

1. 21a.

   Column ii, line 95:  “(As for) Gyges, the king of the land Lydia — a region on the opposite shore of the sea, a remote place, the mention of whose name none of the kings, my ancestors, had (ever) heard”. ↩ ↩

2. 21b.

   Column ii, lines 103-104:  Gyges "conquered the Cimmerians, who were disturbing the people of his land".  Line 119:  “The Cimmerians whom he (Gyges) had trampled down ... attacked and flattened his entire land.” ↩

Isidore of Seville.  “Etymologiae, book 9.”  LacusCurtius.  Edited by W. M. Lindsay.  c. 630 (edition of 1911).  Lindsay's Oxford text of Isidore's encyclopaedia, written about AD 615-636, in Bill Thayer's transcription.  Chapter 9.2, "On the names of the nations", carries the Table of Nations into medieval Europe, adding the Goths and the Spaniards to Josephus's identifications and warning that most of the names can no longer be traced.

1. 22a.

   Section 9.2.38:  “partim vero temporis vetustate ita mutata sunt, ut vix homines doctissimi antiquissimas historias perscrutantes, nec omnium, sed aliquarum ex istis origines gentium potuerunt reperire”.  But some names have so changed through the age of time that scarcely the most learned men, searching the most ancient histories, have been able to find the origins, not of all, but of some of these peoples. ↩

Petrovich, Douglas.  “Identifying Nimrod of Genesis 10 with Sargon of Akkad by Exegetical and Archaeological Means.”  Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 56(2):273–305.  2013.  An evangelical archaeologist's thirty-page case that Nimrod is Sargon of Akkad, reading the Babel of Genesis 10:10 as Eridu rather than Babylon and rejecting Ninurta, Amenhotep III, Gilgamesh and Naram-Sin.  The most developed conservative identification;  it does not discuss how Sargon's dates fit a biblical chronology.

1. 23a.

   Page 274:  “the starting-point of his kingdom was Eridu, and Uruk, and Akkad, and all of them were located in the land of Sumer”.  Petrovich's own translation of Genesis 10:10. ↩

2. 23b.

   Page 282:  “c. 2320-2265 BC”.  His dates for Sargon's reign;  on the same page he writes that reading Babel as Babylon "virtually eliminates Babylon from being Nimrod's Babel". ↩

Levin, Yigal.  “Re:  [b-hebrew] Nimrod?”  b-hebrew mailing list.  Mar 25, 2008.  A post in which Levin, a Bar-Ilan historian, summarises in his own words the thesis of his 2002 Vetus Testamentum article "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad".

1. 24a.

   Paragraph 1:  “I suggested that the Nimrod of Genesis was a compound literary recollection of the deeds of the great Sargon of Akkad and of his grandson Naram-Sin, with the name 'Nimrod' being a shortened form of the latter.  It was later post-tradition that understood it to mean 'Let us rebel' and turned him into an evil king.” ↩ ↩

Levin, Yigal.  “Re:  [b-hebrew] Kush.”  b-hebrew mailing list.  Mar 21, 2007.  An earlier post by the same author summarising the Kish reading of Nimrod's father Cush.

1. 25a.

   Paragraph 1:  “My theory ... is that 'Nimrod' is a reflection of the empire of Sargon of Akkad and his grandson Naram-sin, which would make 'Kush' father of 'Nimrod' to actually be the city of Kish, where Sargon began his career.  This was later misunderstood by the editor of Gen. 10 to be a reference to 'Kush', son of Ham.” ↩

Wiseman, D. J.  “Genesis 10:  Some Archaeological Considerations.”  Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute 87:13–24.  1955.  A paper read to the Victoria Institute in December 1954 by the British Museum Assyriologist, an evangelical, arguing that the Table was compiled about 1500 BC or earlier and could have reached Moses at the Egyptian court.  Still the conservative starting point;  two of its arguments, from Tyre's founding and from the Canaanite names, are contradicted by evidence available in 1955.

1. 26a.

   Page 21:  “Lutz suggests that Nimrod may be the Hamitic god Nergal, whose Egyptian name means 'the mighty hunter'.” ↩

2. 26b.

   Page 18:  “It has been common to deny the existence of Ionians before the eighth century B.C. but there now seem to be undoubted references to them as ym'n in the Ras Shamra texts (thirteenth century B.C.).” ↩

3. 26c.

   Page 18:  “Elisha (Alashia), a name for Cyprus which is frequently found in cuneiform documents in the eighteenth century B.C. (e.g. at Alalakh) and which is linked with ym'n in the Ras Shamra texts.” ↩

4. 26d.

   Page 19:  “It would seem therefore that one of these Anatolian sites (even Tarsus?) may be referred to here.” ↩

5. 26e.

   Page 18:  “Tubal or Tabal, east of Cilicia, was annexed to Assyria in 837/6 B.C. and is probably the same as the Hittite Tipal and the earlier Tibar district through which Naram-Sin passed c. 2200 B.C.  The neighbouring area of Meshek (Mushki) was already well known to Assyrian writers in the time of Tiglath-pileser I (c. 1116-1090 B.C.).” ↩

6. 26f.

   Page 21:  “Of the eleven groups of inhabitants mentioned as descendants of Canaan, five are known from early texts or excavations (Sidon, Jebus, Amurru, and Hamath) while the remainder are known only from the Old Testament narrative.” ↩

7. 26g.

   Page 21:  “The eastern border being marked by Sodom and Gomorrah, this section at least must pre-date the destruction of these two cities in the early Patriarchal period (1900-1700 B.C.), for no archaizing reference would make sense to a later reader.  The omission here of Tyre must also point to a date earlier than its founding in the thirteenth century”. ↩

Morris, Henry M.  The Genesis Record:  A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings.  Creation-Life and Baker.  1976.  The founder of the Institute for Creation Research's commentary on Genesis.  Treats every Genesis 10 name as an ancestor and traces modern nations to them by name survival;  its chapter 10 is the source of the Moscow, Tobolsk, Cathay and China identifications in later young-earth literature.

1. 27a.

   Page 251:  “By the time Nimrod was born, the resentment had become so strong that he gave his son a name meaning 'Let us rebel!'” ↩

2. 27b.

   Page 248:  “'Hellas' is a form of 'Elishah,' ... the Tell el Amarna tablets and the Ugaritic tablets mention the Alasians, people apparently from Cyprus.” ↩

Josephus.  Antiquities of the Jews, book 1.  Translated by William Whiston.  Edited by Benedikt Niese.  c. 94 (edition of 1890).  Josephus's account of Genesis 10 in Antiquities 1.122-147, the oldest surviving name-by-name identification, written for Greek readers in the first century AD.  Cited by Niese's section numbers in Whiston's English.  Right where a name had stayed in use to his day, wrong where it had died out and he matched sounds to the peoples of the Roman map.

1. 28a.

   Section 1.123:  “For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls,] but were then called Gomerites.  Magog founded those that from him were named Magogites;  but who are by the Greeks called Scythians.” ↩

2. 28b.

   Section 1.127-128:  “Elisa gave name to the Eliseans ...;  they are now the Aeolians.  Tharsus to the Tharsians, for so was Cilicia of old called ... Cethimus possessed the island Cethima:  it is now called Cyprus ... one city there is in Cyprus that has been able to preserve its denomination;  it has been called Citius”. ↩ ↩

3. 28c.

   Section 1.131-133:  “the Ethiopians, over whom he reigned, are even at this day ... called Chusites.  The memory also of the Mesraites is preserved in their name ... Phut also was the founder of Libya, and called the inhabitants Phutites”. ↩ ↩

4. 28d.

   Section 1.137:  “As for the rest, Ludieim, and Enemim, and Labim, who alone inhabited in Libya ..., Nedim and Phethrosim, and Chesloim, and Cephthorim, we know nothing of them besides their names.” ↩

5. 28e.

   Section 1.147:  “inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining to it.”  Of the thirteen sons of Joktan. ↩

Cooper, Bill.  After the Flood:  The Early Post-Flood History of Europe Traced Back to Noah.  New Wine Press.  1995.  A young-earth book whose Table of Nations chapters first ran in the Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal.  Claims that every name in Genesis 10 is attested in the early records of the Middle East and that the royal pedigrees of the Britons, Saxons, Irish and Icelanders descend independently from Japheth.  Still endorsed by Creation Ministries International and used as a source by Answers in Genesis;  both claims are tested in this article.

1. 29a.

   Page 40:  “founded a people known to the early Greeks as the Cimmerians who dwelt on the shores of the Caspian Sea.  From here, they were later driven away by the Elamites ... They appear in Assyrian records as the Gimirraya whose defeat under king Esarhaddon is duly noted.” ↩

2. 29b.

   Page 41:  “They appear also in the 6th century BC records of Assyria as the Askuza who allied themselves with the Mannai in a revolt against Assyria”. ↩

3. 29c.

   Page 41:  “14th century BC Hittite documents tell us of Tegarama ... Sargon II and Sennacherib of Assyria both mention their later city of Til-gari-manu ... destroyed in 695 BC.” ↩

4. 29d.

   Page 191:  “Few occurrences of this name can now be found in the surviving records ... However, the Assyrian king, Sargon II, does tell us in his inscriptions of the land of the A-na-mi which lay adjacent to that of Kaptara”. ↩

Cooper, Bill.  “The Early History of Man:  Part 1.  The Table of Nations.”  Ex Nihilo Technical Journal 4:67–92.  1990.  The journal version of Cooper's Table of Nations study, with a numbered notice for each name.  More cautious than the 1995 book:  it concedes that secular records are silent on the Anamim and dates the Scythians to the seventh century, both of which the book changes.

1. 30a.

   Section notice 3:  “the Assyrians tell us in their inscriptions of the Askuza, a tribe who allied themselves with the Mannai in a revolt during the seventh century BC”. ↩

2. 30b.

   Section notice 28:  “Secular records are apparently silent concerning this people, which may be accounted for by the devastations of the Ethiopic War”. ↩

Lacey, Troy.  “Denisovan Fossil Found in Tibet.”  Answers in Genesis.  May 17, 2019.  A web article responding to the Xiahe mandible, which proposes that the Denisovans descended from Togarmah by way of the Altai and Tibet and intermarried with the Sinites.  Neither name has any attested connection with central Asia.

1. 31a.

   Section The Bible as a Historical Record, paragraph 2:  “it is quite possible that the Denisovans were descendants of Gomer's son Togarmah, whose clan, after settling regions in the Altai and Ural mountain regions, would have passed through Tibet, and some descendants would have eventually ended up in Siberia”. ↩

Grigg, Russell M.  “The sixteen grandsons of Noah.”  Creation 20(4):22–25.  1998.  A popular Creation magazine article, kept on the CMI website, that gives a modern nation for each of Noah's sixteen grandsons, drawing on Cooper 1995.  The most widely read statement of the popular identifications.

1. 32a.

   Section The seven sons of Japheth, paragraph 13:  “Tiglath-pileser I, king of Assyria in about 1100 BC, refers to the descendants of Tubal as the Tabali.” ↩

Custance, Arthur C.  “Noah's Three Sons:  Human History in Three Dimensions, Part II:  A Study of the Names in Genesis 10.”  The Doorway Papers, volume 1.  Zondervan.  1975.  The book that supplies most of the popular creationist identifications of Genesis 10 names with modern peoples and places, traced by consonant skeletons through later names.  Custance held the gap theory rather than a young earth, but his Table of Nations is the one Morris, Cooper, Grigg and Hodge repeat.  Cited by chapter and the website's own page markers.

1. 33a.

   Chapter Part II, chapter 2, section page 17 of 21:  “Meshech is found on the Assyrians monuments in the form of 'Muskaa' ... In the Assyrian inscriptions, the word Tubal occurs as Tubla”. ↩

2. 33b.

   Chapter Part II, chapter 2, section page 12 of 21:  “Russia was known as Muskovi until the time of Ivan the Terrible, a name undoubtedly connected with Meshech”.  Section page 18 of 21:  “It is possible that the two famous cities of Moscow and Tobolsk still preserve the elements of the names Meshech and Tubal”. ↩

Novotny, Jamie, and Joshua Jeffers.  “Ashurbanipal 003 (Prism B).”  The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Assur-etel-ilani (630-627 BC), and Sin-sarra-iskun (626-612 BC), Part 1, RINAP 5/1.  Eisenbrauns, on Oracc.  2018.  Column ii, line 86:  The edition of Prism B, whose copies are dated 649-648 BC, carrying the earlier version of the Gyges report, with the transliteration KUR.lu-ud-di for Lydia. ↩

Bauer, Adolf.  “Die Chronik des Hippolytos im Matritensis graecus 121.”  Texte und Untersuchungen 29.1.  J. C. Hinrichs.  1905.  The edition of Hippolytus's Chronicon of AD 234/235 from the Madrid manuscript, with the Latin translations in parallel.  Its Diamerismos, the "division of the earth", assigns each Genesis 10 name to a people of the Roman world and counts seventy nations and seventy-two languages.  Cited by Bauer's paragraph numbers.

1. 35a.

   Paragraph 93-117:  “first Chous, from whom the Ethiopians;  Mestraeim, from whom the Egyptians;  Phoud, from whom the Troglodytes;  Chanaan, from whom the Africans and Phoenicians”.  Translated from the Greek.  Mizraim's sons follow:  "Ludieim, from whom came the Lydians ... Labieim, from whom the Libyans ... Patrosonieim, from whom the Lycians ... Phylistieim, from whom the Phoenicians ... Kaphthorieim, from whom the Cilicians." ↩

Grayson, A. Kirk.  “Shalmaneser III no. 2, the Kurkh Monolith.”  The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), after RIMA 3 A.0.102.2.  Oracc.  2016.  Grayson's edition of the Kurkh Monolith as adapted for the Oracc RIAo project by Jamie Novotny.  Its second column lists the coalition Shalmaneser III fought at Qarqar in 853 BC, which includes the Arkites, Arvadites and Sinites of Genesis 10:17-18 and the earliest mention of the Arabs.

1. 36a.

   Column ii, lines 89b-95:  The Qarqar coalition of 853 BC:  Byblos, Egypt, "the land Arqâ (Irqanatu)", "Mattan-Baʾal of the city Arwad", "the land Usnû (Usanātu)", "Adūnī-Baʾal of the land Siʾannu".  Line 94:  “1,000 camels of Gindibuʾ of the land of the Arabs”. ↩

Hamilton, Victor P.  “The Book of Genesis:  Chapters 1-17.”  New International Commentary on the Old Testament.  Eerdmans.  1990.  An evangelical commentary that calls the chapter a segmented genealogy, follows Speiser on the word for nation, and reads the Japhethites as maritime peoples after Oded.  Reports the late first attestation of Gomer without drawing a dating conclusion from it.

1. 37a.

   Page 341:  “Heth is connected with the Hittites, who ruled over much of western Asia from Anatolia, with the zenith of their rule around 1450-1200 B.C.  But they settled in Asia Minor as early as 2000 B.C.  The Hittites are thus clearly grouped with the Canaanites and Phoenicians of Palestine and Syria.” ↩

Ross, Allen P.  “Studies in the Book of Genesis Part 2:  The Table of Nations in Genesis 10 — Its Structure.”  Bibliotheca Sacra 137(548):340–353.  1980.  The first of Ross's two Bibliotheca Sacra studies of the chapter, by a Dallas Seminary Old Testament scholar.  Its opening pages carry his concession that the placement of the Hittites and Amorites under Canaan cannot be supported historically.

1. 38a.

   Page 340:  “The fact that many scholars have addressed themselves to the study of the individual names on the list is due in part to several difficulties with the listing of certain names under supposed ancestors (such as the Hittites and Amorites being among the descendants of Canaan, a connection that cannot be supported by archaeology or history).” ↩