## Land columns (all land projects) — lenient rule: 1402 columns, 32,139,136 km2 periods-of-10 columns %cols %area 10 31 2.2 2.8 9 60 4.3 7.1 8 81 5.8 9.2 7 100 7.1 9.7 6 116 8.3 9.7 5 160 11.4 9.0 4 160 11.4 12.5 3 125 8.9 10.0 2 256 18.3 13.8 1 262 18.7 6.2 0 51 3.6 10.2 five or fewer of 10: 1014 columns (72.3%), 61.6% of area all 12 periods: 16 columns Cambrian 556 39.7% Ordovician 588 41.9% Silurian 479 34.2% Devonian 560 39.9% Carboniferous 518 36.9% Permian 353 25.2% Triassic 357 25.5% Jurassic 434 31.0% Cretaceous 757 54.0% Paleogene 760 54.2% Neogene 729 52.0% Quaternary 878 62.6% ## North America (project 1) — lenient rule: 949 columns, 24,810,912 km2 periods-of-10 columns %cols %area 10 30 3.2 3.5 9 52 5.5 6.0 8 69 7.3 6.8 7 89 9.4 7.8 6 109 11.5 9.1 5 156 16.4 10.7 4 155 16.3 14.4 3 107 11.3 11.2 2 82 8.6 11.3 1 59 6.2 6.0 0 41 4.3 13.1 five or fewer of 10: 600 columns (63.2%), 66.7% of area all 12 periods: 16 columns Cambrian 539 56.8% Ordovician 556 58.6% Silurian 449 47.3% Devonian 522 55.0% Carboniferous 479 50.5% Permian 309 32.6% Triassic 321 33.8% Jurassic 379 39.9% Cretaceous 515 54.3% Paleogene 400 42.1% Neogene 383 40.4% Quaternary 660 69.5% ## Land columns (all land projects) — strict rule: 1402 columns, 32,139,136 km2 periods-of-10 columns %cols %area 10 10 0.7 0.8 9 39 2.8 4.8 8 69 4.9 5.8 7 84 6.0 8.7 6 93 6.6 9.7 5 144 10.3 11.1 4 150 10.7 11.7 3 147 10.5 12.6 2 315 22.5 17.1 1 296 21.1 7.5 0 55 3.9 10.2 five or fewer of 10: 1107 columns (79.0%), 70.3% of area all 12 periods: 6 columns Cambrian 478 34.1% Ordovician 519 37.0% Silurian 423 30.2% Devonian 484 34.5% Carboniferous 459 32.7% Permian 311 22.2% Triassic 304 21.7% Jurassic 324 23.1% Cretaceous 674 48.1% Paleogene 727 51.9% Neogene 704 50.2% Quaternary 837 59.7% ## North America (project 1) — strict rule: 949 columns, 24,810,912 km2 periods-of-10 columns %cols %area 10 10 1.1 1.0 9 35 3.7 3.8 8 65 6.8 5.9 7 77 8.1 8.4 6 83 8.7 8.4 5 137 14.4 11.1 4 146 15.4 13.4 3 131 13.8 14.3 2 134 14.1 12.9 1 89 9.4 7.6 0 42 4.4 13.2 five or fewer of 10: 679 columns (71.5%), 72.5% of area all 12 periods: 6 columns Cambrian 471 49.6% Ordovician 494 52.1% Silurian 401 42.3% Devonian 454 47.8% Carboniferous 433 45.6% Permian 274 28.9% Triassic 282 29.7% Jurassic 286 30.1% Cretaceous 441 46.5% Paleogene 375 39.5% Neogene 366 38.6% Quaternary 657 69.2% ## Land columns with all ten periods (strict rule) 167 North America Waco Uplift Portion of Ouachita Tectonic Belt 11 of 12 23759 km2 339 North America Cedar Creek Anticline Southwest Basin 11 of 12 40685 km2 395 North America West Charley River 12 of 12 21482 km2 396 North America East Charley River 12 of 12 29080 km2 397 North America Yukon River Ot White Mountain 12 of 12 31069 km2 462 North America Elko Area, Nevada 12 of 12 33542 km2 479 North America Canyon and Pavant Ranges, Utah 12 of 12 12418 km2 507 North America Thrust Belt and Fossil Basin 11 of 12 13341 km2 1475 North America Tombstone 12 of 12 39088 km2 1545 North America Central Ellesmere Island, E. Fosheim Pen. 10 of 12 7032 km2 ## Projects 1 North America 949 active columns 4 Deep Sea 132 active columns 5 New Zealand 329 active columns 7 Caribbean 64 active columns 8 South America 58 active columns 9 Africa 2 active columns ## Thickness (land columns, layered units, sum of unit max_thick) Cambrian max 27.0 km North Carolina Slate Belt Ordovician max 19.4 km Southern Gaspe Silurian max 11.7 km Eastern Maine Devonian max 19.6 km Northeastern Maine Carboniferous max 15.1 km Arkansas and Louisiana Portion of Ouachita Tectonic Belt Permian max 6.5 km Boulder Mountains Wood River and Central Pioneer Mountains, Central Idaho Triassic max 16.7 km John Day - Suplee, Central Oregon Jurassic max 17.0 km Offshore Mid-Atlantic Cretaceous max 24.4 km Mount Diablo North Fork Paleogene max 14.9 km Central Coastal Range Neogene max 30.2 km Ridge Basin Quaternary max 3.1 km Barstow sum of the twelve maxima: 205.6 km thickest single column: 40.5 km (Winnemucca-battle Mountain Area, Nevada) median Phanerozoic column total: 4.59 km over 972 columns