---
description: Preserved legacy converted pedigree table removed from the public measurements companion; its per-generation conversions are superseded by the regional clock comparison.
agents: Codex subagent table_coverage
models: GPT-5
last_reviewed: 2026-09-14 09:10 EDT
---

# Superseded pedigree conversions

> **Superseded warning:** This is preserved for audit history only. Several per-generation conversions below are outdated or use inconsistent generation conventions. The canonical regional comparison is `research/clock-comparison.json` (with its generated regional table), and the raw-count discussion remains in `measurements.md`.

## Converted pedigree table with explicit region and count class

These were the former standardized conversions. They are retained verbatim as a historical record; do not use them as the current quantitative companion.

| Study | Region, transmissions and counted class | Per site/year | Per 25-year generation, same region/class |
|---|---|---:|---:|
| Howell 1996 | CR 1,122 bp; 88; new heteroplasmies | 1.01 × 10⁻⁶ | 0.028 CR events/transmission |
| Parsons 1997 | HVR-I+II about 610 bp; 327; both classes in the pedigree count | 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ | 0.038 HVR-I+II events/transmission |
| Cavelier 2000 | CR plus 500 bp coding; 292; fixed only, none | <2.1 × 10⁻⁷ | <0.006 across assayed regions/transmission |
| Sigurðardóttir 2000 | HVR-I+II about 660 bp; 705; substitutions between relatives | 3.2 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.0053 HVR-I+II substitutions/transmission |
| Heyer 2001 | CR 673 bp; 508; substitutions between relatives | 3.9 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.0066 CR substitutions/transmission |
| Forster 2002 | CR 579 bp; 200; new heteroplasmies | 4.3 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.0063 CR heteroplasmies/transmission |
| Howell 2003 | CR 1,122 bp; 2,633; newly arising CR observations | 4.72 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.0132 CR events/transmission |
| Santos 2005 | HVR-I+II about 610 bp; 321; germinal model-corrected | 2.42 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.0037 HVR-I+II model events/transmission |
| Madrigal 2012 | HVR-I 360 bp; 289; substitutions between relatives | 0.89–2.51 × 10⁻⁶ | 0.008–0.023 HVR-I substitutions/transmission |
| Rebolledo 2014 | Whole genome; 39 pairs; heteroplasmy converted to fixation | 1.3 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.0056 whole-genome model fixing events/transmission |
| Ding 2015 | Whole genome; 333 trios; homoplasmic plus heteroplasmic discordance | 8.5 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.35 whole-genome discordances/pair |
| Wei 2019 arising | Whole genome; 1,526; new heteroplasmies ≥1% | 6.3 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.26 whole-genome detected events/transmission |
| Wei 2019 near-fixing | Whole genome; same 1,526; variants >80% | 4.0 × 10⁻⁹ | 0.0016 whole-genome >80% events/transmission |
| Connell 2022 all | Whole genome; 345; fixed plus heteroplasmic | 5.85 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.024 whole-genome detected events/transmission |
| Connell 2022 fixed | Whole genome; 345; 2 fixed events | 1.30 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.0054 whole-genome fixed events/transmission, nominal 25-y conversion |
| deCODE 2024 | Whole genome; 116,663; mutation detected at ≥5% reads with a carrier ≥10% | 1.41 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.059 whole-genome detected events/transmission |
| Arbeithuber 2025 | Whole genome; 70; new mutations ≥1% inside mature oocytes | 1.8 × 10⁻⁶ | 0.74 whole-genome detected oocyte events/transmission |
| Jeanson 2015 | Whole genome; 398; treated as fixed, mostly Ding discordances | 3.8 × 10⁻⁷ | 0.158 whole-genome model events/transmission |

Howell’s 0.95 value is the paper’s divergence rate of 0.95 mutations/bp/Myr. The 4.72 × 10⁻⁷ per-site/year row halves it to a lineage-equivalent conversion and keeps the CR denominator. A compact table must not combine that value with a whole-genome denominator or call its 99.5% interval 95%.