block	study	source	via	region	length	mu	count	kind	trans	peds	annualPerSite	sapiensYears	combinedBaselineYears	published	notes
pedigree	Howell 1996	howell-1996		crAdjacent	1194	0.022727272727272728	2 / 88	Detected	88	1 LHON pedigree, 45 members	7.613826709304097e-7	16993.19572429045	29492.658730158728		Opened the pedigree-rate literature:  the “ten times faster” claim began with two events in one disease pedigree.  The primary sequenced nt 16024–16569 and 1–648 (about 1,194 bp), the control region plus 72 adjoining coding bases.  Howell 2003 restates 2/88;  Sigurðardóttir 2000 says 2/81.
pedigree	Bendall 1996	howell-2003	as tabulated by Howell 2003	hvr1	360	0.011111111111111112	4 / 360	Detected	360	Not given in Howell’s table	0.000001234567901234568	17710.89200147438	32772.32142857143		Howell 2003 Table 2:  4/360, divergence rate 0.99 (99.5% interval 0.14–3.35) per site per Myr, computed over Howell’s 1,122-bp convention at 20-year generations.  HVR-1 only.  The exact window was not checked;  the age uses the 360-bp HVR-I window.
pedigree	Mumm 1997	howell-2003	as tabulated by Howell 2003	hvr1	360	0.01694915254237288	1 / 59	Detected	59	Not given in Howell’s table	0.0000018832391713747646	11610.473645410982	21484.07738095238		Howell 2003 Table 2:  1/59, divergence rate 1.51 (99.5% interval 0.00–11.71) per site per Myr, computed over Howell’s 1,122-bp convention at 20-year generations.  HVR-1 only;  one event.  The exact window was not checked;  the age uses the 360-bp HVR-I window.
pedigree	Parsons 1997	parsons-1997		hvr12	610	0.03058103975535168	10 / 327	Detected	327	134 maternal lineages of close relatives	0.000002005314082318143	10216.052321498286	14402.419695688926		The load-bearing young-earth citation.  Ten differences across about 610 bp of HVR-I and HVR-II, not the whole molecule.  The ~610 bp and the 20-year generation are reverse-engineered from the published 2.5/site/Myr;  exact endpoints are unverified, so the age uses a broad HVR-I+II profile.  The abstract gives the count.  Howell’s Table 2 books this laboratory’s data as Parsons and Holland 1998 (10/306) plus the Forensic Science Service set (1/32):  11/338 together, rows below.
pedigree	Parsons 1997: Forensic Science Service set	howell-2003	as tabulated by Howell 2003	hvr12	676	0.03125	1 / 32	Detected	32	Not given in Howell’s table	0.000001849112426035503	11079.041651308513	15619.04761904762		Howell 2003 Table 2:  1/32, divergence rate 2.76 (99.5% interval 0.01–20.43) per site per Myr, computed over Howell’s 1,122-bp convention at 20-year generations.  HVR-1 and HVR-2.  Howell’s footnote:  “the analyses at the U.K. Forensic Science Service that were reported in Parsons et al. (1997).”  One event.  The age uses the 676-bp HVR-I+II window.
pedigree	Soodyall 1997	howell-2003	as tabulated by Howell 2003	hvr12	676	0	0 / 108	Detected	108	Not given in Howell’s table	0.0000016413172658086737	12481.677986800356	17596.46086522547		Howell 2003 Table 2:  0/108, divergence rate 0.00 (99.5% interval 0.00–4.79) per site per Myr, computed over Howell’s 1,122-bp convention at 20-year generations.  HVR-1 and HVR-2.  The Tristan da Cunha study, founded by a handful of women in the nineteenth century;  Gibbons 1998 reports the same zero in 108.  A zero count does not establish a zero rate.  The age uses the 676-bp HVR-I+II window.
pedigree	Parsons and Holland 1998	howell-2003	as tabulated by Howell 2003	hvr12	676	0.032679738562091505	10 / 306	Detected	306	Not given in Howell’s table	0.00000193371234095216	10594.333579063765	14935.714285714286		Howell 2003 Table 2:  10/306, divergence rate 2.91 (99.5% interval 0.99–6.44) per site per Myr, computed over Howell’s 1,122-bp convention at 20-year generations.  HVR-1 and HVR-2;  the same laboratory as Parsons 1997.  The exact window was not checked;  the age uses the 676-bp HVR-I+II window.
pedigree	Cavelier 2000: CR	cavelier-2000		control	1122	0	0 / 292	Homoplasmic	292	33 maternal lineages, 194 people	3.6575248132664164e-7	37541.987217306305	64115.87898962703		No homoplasmic substitutions detected;  a zero count does not establish a zero mutation rate.  Only length heteroplasmy, at three poly-C sites (65, 309, 16189).  The zero result routinely left out of compilations on both sides.  The limit assumes independent detectable events.  Howell 2003 books the study as HVR-1 and HVR-2, 0/292.
pedigree	Cavelier 2000: coding sample	cavelier-2000		coding	500	0	0 / 292 · positions 5,550–6,050	Homoplasmic	Same 292	Same	8.207485680969837e-7	1228.4279708552178	6794.158630900454		5550–6050 is 501 inclusive positions;  the paper calls it 500 bp.  The zero-count limit uses that window.
pedigree	Sigurðardóttir 2000	sigurdardottir-2000		hvr12	673	0.00425531914893617	3 / 705	Homoplasmic	705	26 large Icelandic pedigrees, 272 people	2.52916442730233e-7	81120.64038716194	114362.52204585538		Largest pre-genomic study, about 8 times slower than Parsons.  The published HVR mask is 673 bp;  the fully sequenced amplicon is nt 16012–394 (~952 bp), and inclusive endpoint arithmetic does not reproduce 673.  Madrigal’s Table 3 pairs Howell’s count with Sigurðardóttir’s rate.
pedigree	Sigurðardóttir 2000: rescored	sigurdardottir-2000		hvr12	673	0.0070921985815602835	5 / 705	Detected;  rescored	Same 705	Same	4.2152740455038835e-7	48672.38423229716	68617.51322751323		Howell’s five-event rescoring of the same data, using the study’s published 673-bp HVR mask;  not an independent study.
pedigree	Heyer 2001	heyer-2001		hvr12	673	0.007874015748031496	4 / 508	Pedigree differences	508	Deep-rooting French-Canadian pedigrees (Quebec)	4.679949924535807e-7	43969.94655363067	61988.09523809525		HVR-I 16024–16383 and HVR-II 58–370.  Only 12 of the pooled 18 mutations sat at independent sites;  three positions mutated twice.  Fitted model:  40 fast sites (CI 27–54) at 274 per site per million generations.  The pooled count overlaps other studies.
pedigree	Forster 2002: low radiation	forster-2002		control	579	0.005	1 / 200	Detected heteroplasmy	200	248 Kerala families, 988 people, across 2 to 4 generations (795 transmissions in both groups)	3.454231433506045e-7	68191.66973829709	86488.09523809522		16093–16390 and 35–315:  parts of both HVRs plus adjoining bases.  Kerala natural radioactivity, low-dose group.
pedigree	Forster 2002: high radiation	forster-2002		control	579	0.03697478991596639	22 / 595	Detected heteroplasmy	595	Same families	0.0000025543896315002685	9221.37352142881	11695.549242424242		A 7.4-fold rise in heteroplasmies appearing, and zero fixations.  The radiation-hit positions “mutate, on average, 12 times faster during evolution.”  The exposure comparison is not a universal clock.
pedigree	Howell 2003: own pedigrees	howell-2003	as tabulated by Howell 2003	control	1122	0.005405405405405406	1 / 185	Detected	185	Not given in Howell’s table	1.9270607505901627e-7	71253.98083302616	121690.7242063492		Howell 2003 Table 2:  1/185, divergence rate 0.48 (99.5% interval 0.00–3.87) per site per Myr, computed over Howell’s 1,122-bp convention at 20-year generations.  Control region nt 16024–16569 and 1–576 in five LHON families.  One event;  included in the pooled row below.
pedigree	Howell 2003: pooled CR	howell-2003		control	1122	0.010634257500949488	28 / 2,633 · pooled	Detected;  pooled	2,633	5 LHON pedigrees (185 transmissions) plus nine earlier data sets	3.7911791447235255e-7	36218.480990995726	61855.5360685941		The canonical pooled rate, published as a divergence rate of 0.95/site/Myr (twice the mutation rate;  99.5% interval 0.53–1.57) at 20-year generations, treating every study as 1,122 bp.  Multiplying it across 16,569 sites is Carter’s error.  Regions and assays differ between the pooled studies.  Table 2’s ten study rows sum to 2,643 transmissions, not the printed 2,633.
pedigree	Howell 2003: coding counts	howell-2003		coding	0	0.008658008658008658	4 / 462	Pedigree events	462	LHON pedigrees and Cavelier’s families	NaN				Mixed coverage:  earlier LHON fragments, later coding sequences, Cavelier’s 500 bp.  The 6,773 bp in Howell 1996 is not the common mask of all 462 transmissions.  The raw count has no matched age.
pedigree	Howell 2003: coding approximation	howell-2003		coding	15447	0.009268199999999999	0.06/site/Myr divergence, halved, × 15,447 × 20 y	Full-region lower estimate	Same	Same	2.4e-8	112464.48575219644	426748.6457933362		Published 0.06/site/Myr divergence rate (99.5% CI 0.008–0.20), halved, then converted using the study’s 20-year generation.  Treating partial coverage as complete coding coverage makes this conservative;  it is not a directly observed whole-coding rate.
pedigree	Santos 2005: germinal	santos-2005		hvr12	610	0.018691588785046728	6 / 321	Detected;  germinal class	321	Azores families;  heteroplasmy in 72% of them	0.0000012256779531178182	16714.336366977317	23563.59185686109		Six germinal events;  0.034 = 11/321 counting the five judged somatic.  Counts from the abstract;  exact windows are unverified, so the regional age is approximate.
pedigree	Santos 2005: corrected	santos-2005		hvr12	610	0.0037	model, corrected to fixation	Transmission model	Same 321	Same	2.4262295081967213e-7	84437.16275310592	119038.09980733058		First pedigree study to apply the arising-to-fixing correction;  its corrected 0.2415/site/Myr lands “in the upper end” of phylogenetic values.  A model-corrected rate for the measured region, not a direct homoplasmic count;  it must not be assigned to 16,569 bases.
pedigree	Madrigal 2012: maximum	madrigal-2012		hvr1	360	0.02564102564102564	7 / 273	Pedigree differences	273	19 deep-rooting Costa Rican pedigrees of at least 7 generations;  53 people typed	0.000002849002849002849	7674.7198673055655	14201.339285714286		HVR-I, 360 bp.  Generation time measured, 28.3 years over 289 meioses:  at that interval multiply these ages by 1.132.  The text reports 7 events over 299 meioses;  its printed 71.1 × 10^-6 per site per generation equals 7/273.  Three of the mutated sites are known hot spots.  The abstract’s 1.24 × 10^-6 per site per year appears nowhere in the results.
pedigree	Madrigal 2012: minimum	madrigal-2012		hvr1	360	0.00909090909090909	2 / 220	Pedigree differences	220	Same	0.00000101010101010101	21646.645779579798	40055.05952380953		Excluding a pedigree and hot-spot sites as the paper does leaves 2/220.  Different branch and hot-spot exclusions define the two counts.
pedigree	Guo 2013	guo-2013		whole	16569	0	0 / 26 · 3,981× depth	Homoplasmic	26	18 families, 44 people;  mother–child pairs plus 9 sibling pairs	2.7815914553628797e-7	12389.291368807322	39145.67886463705		No discordant homoplasmic SNPs;  12 heteroplasmies shared by mother and child.  A zero count does not exclude rare events, and 26 transmissions give only a weak bound.  The mothers were childhood-cancer survivors with uterine irradiation, which biases the count upward.  Implies a bottleneck near 200, the high outlier.
pedigree	Rebolledo-Jaramillo 2014: arising	rebolledo-jaramillo-2014b		whole	16569	0.143	α = μ0/(2 ln 99);  μ0 = 51/(39 × 16,569) observed	Arising-rate model	39	39 mother–child pairs, two tissues each	3.4522300681996497e-7	9982.517482517482	31541.144041144045		Fitted arising parameter α.  The paper estimates μ0 as 51/(39 × 16,569 bp):  the 51 are heteroplasmies observed above its 1% threshold, which include inherited variation;  they are not 51 new mutations.  39% of heteroplasmies were tissue-specific, so somatic.
pedigree	Rebolledo-Jaramillo 2014: retained	rebolledo-jaramillo-2014b		whole	16569	0.0045	2.7 × 10^-7 per site per generation × 16,569 ≈ 0.0045;  bottleneck 32.3	Transmission model	Same 39	Same	1.086366105377512e-8	317222.22222222225	1002307.4661963552		The paper that writes μ = α/N.  Fitted μ after frequency and bottleneck modelling (IQR 8.3 × 10^-8 to 8.2 × 10^-7 per site per generation), not a direct count of homoplasmic changes.  The authors call their estimate a lower bound.  The best usable clock parameter from this study.
pedigree	Rebolledo-Jaramillo 2014: D-loop retained	rebolledo-jaramillo-2014b		control	1122	0.001683	1.5 × 10^-6 per site per generation × 1,122	Transmission model	Same 39	Same	6.000000000000001e-8	228851.2496443807	390842.36388157954		The paper’s separately modelled D-loop rate;  its interquartile range, 4.8 × 10^-7 to 4.7 × 10^-6, spans tenfold.
pedigree	Ding 2015: heteroplasmy gains	ding-2015		whole	16569	0.42342342342342343	141 / 333 · ≥ 4% MAF · ~180×	Detected discordance	333	333 Sardinian parent–child trios	0.0000010222063454002618	3371.329787234042	10652.182539682539		Child variants absent from the mother’s called class.  Discordance between tissues sampled from mother and child is not automatically a new germline mutation;  threshold, somatic origin and calling errors prevent identifying a retained rate.
pedigree	Ding 2015: homoplasmy discordance	ding-2015		whole	16569	0.1891891891891892	63 / 333 · 35 gains (0.105) + 28 losses	Discordant calls	Same 333	Same	4.567304947533085e-7				The dataset behind Jeanson’s rate:  28 of his 63 discordances are variants the mother had and the child lost.  The authors read the 35 child-not-mother calls as noise, and they were never re-examined at the read level.  Gains and losses cannot both simply be counted as new inherited substitutions.  Not a validated mutation rate.
pedigree	Jeanson 2015 synthesis, for comparison	jeanson-2015		whole	16569	0.15829145728643215	63 / 398	Proposed mutation clock	398	Three studies pooled	3.821388310373158e-7	9018.174603174602	28494.169396153527		Mostly Ding’s unvalidated discordances.  Predicts 4.1 homoplasmic changes in Guo’s 26 transmissions (0 seen), 54.6 in Norfolk’s 345 (2 seen) and 242 near-homoplasmic events in Wei’s 1,526 (3 seen).  Shown to test the proposal, not as a measured rate.
pedigree	Wei 2019: detected	wei-2019		whole	16569	0.31258191349934467	477 / 1,526 · > 1% VAF · ~1,900×	Detected de novo	1,526	1,526 mother–offspring pairs, whole blood	7.546186577327411e-7	4566.802935010482	14429.445220902246		614 maternal heteroplasmies lost against 477 gained.  Offspring blood variants undetected in the mother;  not all germline or destined to persist.  Low-level against near-homoplasmic is a factor of 159 in one generation:  a snapshot, not the eventual fate of the 477.
pedigree	Wei 2019: control	wei-2019		control	1122	0.08584534731323722	131 / 1,526	Detected de novo	Same	Same	0.0000030604401894202215	4486.633990146397	7662.473494486855		131 D-loop events;  the supplementary Table S2’s printed 13 is inconsistent with its rate and totals.  Regional clock illustration only.
pedigree	Wei 2019: coding	wei-2019		coding	15447	0.22673656618610746	346 / 1,526	Detected de novo	Same	Same	5.871342427296109e-7	4597.155917025496	17443.996199957182		346 outside-D-loop events.  Same tissue and threshold limitations.
pedigree	Wei 2019: frequency weighted	wei-2019		whole	16569	0.01938007863695937	477 × 0.062 / 1,526	Neutral illustration	Same	Same	4.6786356779429945e-8	73658.11185500778	232732.9874339072		Σ-frequency approximation.  Blood is not the germline;  selection and undetected variants remain unmodelled.
pedigree	Wei 2019: above 80%	wei-2019		whole	16569	0.001965923984272608	3 / 1,526	Near-homoplasmic	Same	Same	4.74602929391661e-9	726121.6666666666	2294281.790123457		Two of the three events have ascertainment concerns.  Above 80% is not complete homoplasmy, and no population-wide fixation estimate follows.
pedigree	Zaidi 2019	zaidi-2019		whole	16569	0.007820568	4.72 × 10^-7 per site per generation × 16,569 · ~11,400×	Transmission model	249	96 families, 345 people, 2 to 4 generations, at least 2 siblings per mother	1.888e-8	182531.4989908661	576733.5055310046		Independent of Rebolledo-Jaramillo, with a bottleneck three times smaller;  per transmission it is 1.7 times Rebolledo-Jaramillo’s retained rate.  Nonsynonymous-to-synonymous occurrence 0.43.  A model-inferred germline rate, not a count of observed homoplasmic transitions.
pedigree	Connell 2022: all	connell-2022		whole	16569	0.02608695652173913	9 / 345 · Sanger	Detected;  mixed class	345	45 maternal lineages, 225 people, from the last four generations of an 11-generation island pedigree	6.297774523927607e-8	54720.83333333333	172898.03791887124		Norfolk Island.  Seven heteroplasmies and two homoplasmic changes;  retaining or excluding heteroplasmy changes the estimand.  Its control-region rate, 0.469/site/Myr, matches Howell 2003’s pooled 0.475.  Population-specific pedigree.
pedigree	Connell 2022: homoplasmic	connell-2022		whole	16569	0.005797101449275362	2 / 345	Homoplasmic	Same 345	Same	1.3995054497616904e-8	246243.74999999997	778041.1706349207		The best direct retained-change count here, but only two events, so its interval is broad.  No bottleneck model anywhere in the derivation;  its published 1.30 × 10^-8 per site per year is 0.78 times the phylogenetic rate.  At the paper’s 26.9-year interval, multiply ages by 1.076.  Detection and family structure still require modelling.
pedigree	Connell 2022: control, all	connell-2022		control	1122	0.014492753623188406	5 / 345	Detected;  mixed class	Same 345	Same	5.166757084915652e-7	26575.809067453003	45387.3511904762		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  The count-derived CR rate differs slightly from the printed Table 2 estimate.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: control, homoplasmic	connell-2022		control	1122	0.002898550724637681	1 / 345	Homoplasmic	Same 345	Same	1.0333514169831306e-7	132879.045337265	226936.75595238095		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  The count-derived CR rate differs slightly from the printed Table 2 estimate.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: HVR-I, all	connell-2022		hvr1	360	0.011594202898550725	4 / 345	Detected;  mixed class	Same 345	Same	0.0000012882447665056363	16972.938168079614	31406.80803571428		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: HVR-I, homoplasmic	connell-2022		hvr1	360	0.002898550724637681	1 / 345	Homoplasmic	Same 345	Same	3.220611916264091e-7	67891.75267231846	125627.23214285712		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: HVR-II, all	connell-2022		hvr2	315	0.002898550724637681	1 / 345	Detected;  mixed class	Same 345	Same	3.680699332873246e-7	51554.165130851456	42765.62499999999		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: HVR-II, homoplasmic	connell-2022		hvr2	315	0	0 / 345	Homoplasmic	Same 345	Same	0.0000011026389780737026	17209.203100679657	14275.516332861394		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: rest of CR, all	connell-2022		rest	447	0	0 / 345	Detected;  mixed class	Same 345	Same	7.770274677700589e-7	4484.0881318672355	19542.433523296855		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: coding, all	connell-2022		coding	15447	0.011594202898550725	4 / 345	Detected;  mixed class	Same 345	Same	3.0023183527029775e-8	89902.11366568375	341135.2926587302		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  
pedigree	Connell 2022: coding, homoplasmic	connell-2022		coding	15447	0.002898550724637681	1 / 345	Homoplasmic	Same 345	Same	7.505795881757444e-9	359608.454662735	1364541.1706349207		The same nine-event study, partitioned by the positions in its Table 1.  HVR-II ends at 371 here.  One or zero events give weak constraints.  
pedigree	Árnadóttir 2024: all	arnadottir-2024		whole	16569	0.07027935163676573	8,199 / 116,663	Detected;  branch inferred	116,663	64,806 living Icelanders in 2,548 matrilines (deCODE genealogy)	1.696646789468664e-7	20311.79808513233	64177.93409926749		Seventy-five times larger than anything before it.  Hypermutable positions dominate the count;  the control region runs 8.3 times the coding rate per site.  At deCODE’s 29.3-year interval, multiply ages by 1.172.  A tight bottleneck is not a universal divisor converting this count into retained substitutions.
pedigree	Árnadóttir 2024: control	arnadottir-2024		control	1092	0.025989599999999998	2.38 × 10^-5 per site × 1,092 callable	Detected;  regional	Same	Same	9.52e-7	14423.398086830719	24632.922093376867		Callable CR denominator:  1,092 bp after exclusions.  Published per-site parameter;  the age uses the broader CR profile.  Threshold and hypermutable sites limit its use as a clock.
pedigree	Árnadóttir 2024: coding	arnadottir-2024		coding	15443	0.04432141	2.87 × 10^-6 per site × 15,443 callable	Detected;  regional	Same	Same	1.148e-7	23511.739181643858	89215.7447651574		16,535 attempted sites minus 1,092 CR sites gives 15,443.  The age uses the broader coding profile;  selection and detection thresholds affect the connection to a long-run clock.
pedigree	Arbeithuber 2025: total	arbeithuber-2025		whole	16569	0.7428571428571429	52 / 70 · ≥ 1% VAF · duplex sequencing, error < 10^-7	Detected in oocytes	70	80 single oocytes from 22 women aged 20–42, with blood and saliva from each donor	0.0000017933662691946236	1921.6346153846148	6071.670227920227		The fastest human rate measured and the purest arising rate:  counted in the germ cell itself, before bottleneck, drift or transmission.  No rise with maternal age in oocytes (P = 0.688) against a rise in blood (P = 0.0027).  Mature oocytes have already experienced selection;  this is not a retained-lineage rate.
pedigree	Arbeithuber 2025: D-loop	arbeithuber-2025		control	1122	0.44319000000000003	3.95 × 10^-4 per site per generation × 1,122	Detected in oocytes	Same	Same	0.0000158	869.0553783963825	1484.2115084110617		The authors’ own regional split.  Surviving egg variants are not equivalent to homoplasmic descendant sequences.
pedigree	Arbeithuber 2025: coding genes	arbeithuber-2025		coding	15359	0.2995005	1.95 × 10^-5 per site per generation × 15,359	Detected in oocytes	Same	Same	7.799999999999999e-7	3460.4457154521983	13130.727562871883		Protein, rRNA and tRNA genes total 15,359 bp;  the 88 bp of other non-coding sequence are reported separately and are not in this denominator.  The age uses a coding-region approximation.
calibration	Horai 1995: control	horai-1995		control	1143	0.00200025		Calibrated substitutions			7e-8	196158.21398089777	335007.74046992534	143 ka ± 18 (synonymous and D-loop);  450 ka ± 70 (nonsynonymous and RNA sites, same paper)	The 7.00 × 10^-8 D-loop rate is itself derived from the 3.89 × 10^-8 synonymous rate.  1,143-bp control-region convention;  the regional distance is approximate.  Other site classes give different dates.
calibration	Ingman 2000	ingman-2000c		coding	15426	0.00655605		Calibrated substitutions			1.7e-8	158773.39165015967	602468.6764141218	171.5 ka ± 50	Uses the coding distance, not the 57.1 whole depth.
calibration	Mishmar 2003	mishmar-2003		coding	15447	0.004865805000000001		Calibrated substitutions			1.26e-8	214218.06809942177	812854.5634158783	198 ka ± 19	Selection and calibration uncertainty remain relevant;  the paper argues for climatic selection while dating with a strict clock.
calibration	Kivisild 2006: synonymous	kivisild-2006		coding	0	0		Calibrated substitutions			3.5e-8			160 ka (SD 22)	The rate is per synonymous site.  No matching synonymous-site count and root profile was established here, so neither a per-transmission figure nor an implied age is calculated.
calibration	Endicott & Ho 2008: external	endicott-2008		coding	7198	0.0006874089999999999		Calibrated substitutions			3.82e-9			162 ka (122–213) from the concatenated 11,940 bp at 6.81 × 10^-8;  310 ka (158–508) from these positions alone	Table 3’s separately analysed PC1+2 rate (95% HPD 2.44–5.06 × 10^-9).  Matching root counts for these positions were not established, so no age is calculated here.
calibration	Endicott & Ho 2008: internal	endicott-2008		coding	7198	0.00233935		Calibrated substitutions			1.3e-8			108 ka (82–134) from the concatenated 11,940 bp at 9.66 × 10^-8;  79 ka (60–106) from these positions alone	Table 3’s separately analysed PC1+2 rate (1.01–1.58 × 10^-8), 3.4 times the external one.  Not a direct pedigree measurement.
calibration	Soares 2009	soares-2009		whole	16569	0.006896846250000001		Calibrated substitutions			1.665e-8	206978.66071757072	653977.6927582803	192.4 ka (Figure 6)	The benchmark every pedigree rate is compared against;  a model output, not a count.  The table uses its summary whole-molecule rate (one mutation every 3,624 years), not the full age-dependent function.  The coding-region cross-check gives a very similar 1.708 × 10^-8.
calibration	Soares 2009: HVS-I	soares-2009		hvr1	350	0.0014990705762427297		Calibrated substitutions			1.7132235157059766e-7	127626.65563951344	236160.9895833333	Same tree	The paper’s average of 1.62 × 10^-7 and 1.784 × 10^-7:  “1 mutation every 16,677 years” in the segment.  Its window differs from HVR-I 16024–16383;  the age uses the HVR-I profile.
calibration	Fu 2013	fu-2013f		whole	16569	0.0110598075		Calibrated substitutions			2.67e-8	129070.96258230534	407817.54997847823	157 ka (120–197)	Dates, site corrections and shared ancestry matter.
calibration	Brotherton 2013	brotherton-2013		whole	16569	0.0099414		Calibrated substitutions			2.4e-8	143591.4458728147	453697.024351057	—	A published genome-rate summary rather than a raw homoplasmic count.
calibration	Rieux 2014	rieux-2014d		whole	16569	0.00887684175		Calibrated substitutions			2.143e-8	160811.6985976459	508106.7934869513	143 ka (112–180)	Its fitted mtEve age and the standardized depth division here are different calculations.
calibration	Fu 2014	fu-2014		whole	16569	0.0104798925		Calibrated substitutions			2.53e-8	136213.22928646448	430384.5290286706	—	The specimen date is part of the inference.
calibration	Posth 2016	posth-2016		whole	16569	0.011349765000000001		Calibrated substitutions			2.74e-8	125773.52923166247	397398.8534461812	—	Shares some comparison data with earlier work.
calibration	Cabrera 2021: youngest bin	cabrera-2021		whole	16569	0.0179359425		Calibrated substitutions			4.33e-8	79588.79216968943	251471.79178811476	—	The same data, binned by age, give a rate that falls 2.3-fold from the youngest bin to the oldest.  A bin-specific rate is not automatically a rate for the complete tree.
calibration	Cabrera 2021: oldest bin	cabrera-2021		whole	16569	0.0079116975		Calibrated substitutions			1.91e-8	180429.04193442682	570090.5018023753	—	The same data, binned by age, give a rate that falls 2.3-fold from the youngest bin to the oldest.  A bin-specific rate is not automatically a rate for the complete tree.
calibration	Översti & Palo 2022: U4	oversti-2022d		whole	16569	0.0364518		Calibrated substitutions			8.8e-8	39161.303419858545	123735.55209574281	—	The fastest defensible number in the mainstream literature, and the best single figure available to the young-earth side.  It is also 42 sequences from one twig of the tree with R² = 0.37, and its own x-intercept still puts that twig’s root at 12,723 years.  Not an established universal mtDNA rate.
calibration	Project: U-subclade regression	note-clock-comparison		whole	16519	0.010702346706402202		Calibrated substitutions			2.5915241131792968e-8	133381.96184076727	421438.7481191823	—	An in-house descriptive calculation.  Independent-error intervals omit phylogenetic covariance and date uncertainty.