These quotations are short excerpts checked against the stored PDF, HTML, or text. Each excerpt is under 25 words from its source. They are not a substitute for the full citation ledger in research/citations.md. The article should preserve the stated page or section locator.
- Gibbons 1998, Science 279:28, p. 28 (stored transcription): "No one thinks that's the case". This follows the hypothetical 6,000-year calculation and is essential context. Source
- Rebolledo-Jaramillo et al. 2014, PNAS 111:15474–15479, Results p. 15476: "heteroplasmies tripling over 30 y of life." The paper reports this for older mothers' somatic tissues; it does not establish a nonlinear biological law. Source
- Wei et al. 2019, Science 364:eaau6520, structured abstract p. 3: "Novel mtDNA variants were less likely to be inherited than known variants…" Source
- Millar et al. 2008, PLoS Genetics 4:e1000209, abstract: "Importantly, the latter rate is not statistically different from our estimate of the mutation rate." The article has an e-location rather than a printed p. 2270. Source
- Henn et al. 2009, Molecular Biology and Evolution 26:217–230, abstract p. 217: "Our new estimates establish a rapid decay in evolutionary mutation rate between approximately 2,500 and 50,000 years ago…" Source
- Arbeithuber et al. 2025, Science Advances 11:eadw4954, abstract: "with age, mutations increased in blood and saliva but not in oocytes." Source
- Árnadóttir et al. 2024, Cell 187:3904–3918.e8, Introduction: "most germline mtDNA mutations are lost soon after they occur due to intergenerational drift in heteroplasmy frequency." Source
Checked during the merge (2026-10-27)
These excerpts were checked against stored bytes while the three drafts were merged into one article.
- Parsons et al. 1997, Nature Genetics 15:363–368, abstract (PubMed): "This is roughly twenty-fold higher than estimates derived from phylogenetic analyses." Source
- Endicott & Ho 2008, American Journal of Human Genetics 82:895–902, Results: "in contrast, the externally calibrated estimate was 162 kyr (95% HPD: 122–213 kyr)." Source
- Connell et al. 2022, Scientific Reports 12:6827, Materials and methods: "the average maternal intergenerational time is 26.9 years." Source
- Arbeithuber et al. 2025, Science Advances 11:eadw4954, Discussion: at a 5% cutoff the coding-region rate "is in the same range as the estimate produced by Árnadóttir and colleagues". Source
- Henn et al. 2009, Molecular Biology and Evolution 26:217–230, p. 222: "Genealogy-based rate estimates between 2,500 and 5,000 years ago are indistinguishable from pedigree-based mutation rate estimate". Source
- Stewart et al. 2008, PLoS Biology 6:e10, Results: "The typical animal carried approximately 30 mtDNA mutations (mean = 29.8 mutations, standard deviation = 9.2)." Source
- Wood 2013, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Creationism, Discussion: "a period of rapid genetic divergence after the Flood that quickly decreased to the low mutation rates characteristic of the present." Source
- Jeanson 2026, Standing For Truth interview, 53:37: "I'm equating substitution rate and mutation rate because the data says so." Checked against YouTube's captions and an independent local transcription; no person has listened to it. Source
Excluded quotation leads
The original dossier contains longer quotations from Parsons 1997, Cann 1987, Rebolledo 2014, Jeanson's 2022 clip, and Jeanson's 2026 interview. The primary paper or audio, exact locator, and caption or transcription limitations are recorded in the source audit, citation ledger and quarantine. The media quotations should not be printed as verified verbatim text until the audio is manually checked. Longer quotations omitted merely for length remain in the original archive; omission does not mean they are false.