1. Direct versus indirect duplication rates
  yeast MA lines, Lynch et al. 2008:  3.40e-6 per gene per generation = 0.021 duplications per genome per generation;  340 times the indirect 1e-8:  copies form that many times faster than lasting young pairs accumulate
  C. elegans MA lines, Lipinski et al. 2011, partial or complete:  3.40e-7 per gene per generation = 6.936e-3 duplications per genome per generation;  34 times the indirect 1e-8:  copies form that many times faster than lasting young pairs accumulate
  C. elegans MA lines, Konrad et al. 2018, all lines:  2.88e-5 per gene per generation = 0.576 duplications per genome per generation;  2880 times the indirect 1e-8:  copies form that many times faster than lasting young pairs accumulate
  C. elegans MA lines, Konrad et al. 2018, without line 1T:  2.64e-6 per gene per generation = 0.053 duplications per genome per generation;  264 times the indirect 1e-8:  copies form that many times faster than lasting young pairs accumulate

2. Young duplicates expected in a human-sized genome at any moment
  rate 0.002/gene/My (low):  41 new retained duplicates per My;  at a 4 My half-life (mean life 5.8 My) about 238 young duplicates present at once
  rate 0.01/gene/My (mid):  207 new retained duplicates per My;  at a 4 My half-life (mean life 5.8 My) about 1192 young duplicates present at once
  rate 0.02/gene/My (high):  413 new retained duplicates per My;  at a 4 My half-life (mean life 5.8 My) about 2384 young duplicates present at once

3. Retained duplications per lineage at the mainstream rate, young-earth spans
  4500 years, 0.002/gene/My (low):  0.19 retained duplications in a human-sized genome
  4500 years, 0.01/gene/My (mid):  0.93 retained duplications in a human-sized genome
  4500 years, 0.02/gene/My (high):  1.86 retained duplications in a human-sized genome
  6000 years, 0.002/gene/My (low):  0.25 retained duplications in a human-sized genome
  6000 years, 0.01/gene/My (mid):  1.24 retained duplications in a human-sized genome
  6000 years, 0.02/gene/My (high):  2.48 retained duplications in a human-sized genome
  copies to account for in the human proteome (families.ts):  13143 to 15585

4. Mainstream span, for scale
  100 My at 0.01/gene/My:  20,652 retained-at-birth duplications per lineage
  500 My at 0.01/gene/My:  103,260 retained-at-birth duplications per lineage
  time for 50% of genes to duplicate at 0.02/gene/My:  35 My
  time for 50% of genes to duplicate at 0.002/gene/My:  347 My

5. Amino-acid changes after duplication in the worked cases
  douc RNASE1B:  3 changes shown to produce the new property (of 10 on the branch)
  red/green opsin:  3 changes shown to produce the new property
  haemoglobin, tetramer:  2 changes shown to produce the new property (of 45 on the branch)
  haemoglobin, alpha2-beta2:  14 changes shown to produce the new property (of 45 on the branch)
  douc RNASE1B:  2.0% of a 150-residue protein
  red/green opsin:  2.0% of a 150-residue protein
  haemoglobin, tetramer:  1.3% of a 150-residue protein
  haemoglobin, alpha2-beta2:  9.3% of a 150-residue protein

6. For scale only:  deletion events per gene copy along one yeast lineage in 4,500 years
  0.1 divisions per day:  1.64e+5 divisions, 0.34 expected deletions per gene copy
  1 divisions per day:  1.64e+6 divisions, 3.45 expected deletions per gene copy
  3 divisions per day:  4.93e+6 divisions, 10.35 expected deletions per gene copy
  About one deletion per gene copy needs roughly 0.3 divisions a day;  above that supply is not the limit.  Spreading each loss through
  the population, and the matching losses between species, are not computed here.